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Cardiovascular — hemodynamics, cardiac cycle, coronary disease

Node 1 of 15 in USMLE

Objectives

  • Identify the key rules and §§ that apply to cardiovascular — hemodynamics, cardiac cycle, coronary disease.
  • Apply the USMLE.Step1.CV knowledge element in a typical exam scenario.
  • Recognize common distractors and partial-credit answers.

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USMLE.Step1.CV

Cardiovascular — hemodynamics, cardiac cycle, coronary disease

Step 1 · Organ Systems Cardiovascular

**Cardiac output:** CO = HR × SV. Normal 4–8 L/min. SV depends on **preload** (end-diastolic volume, Frank-Starling), **afterload** (TPR, aortic pressure), and **contractility** (inotropy — catecholamines, digoxin).

**Cardiac cycle phases (Wiggers):** 1. Isovolumetric contraction — all valves closed. 2. Systolic ejection — aortic valve opens. 3. Isovolumetric relaxation — all valves closed. 4. Rapid/slow filling; atrial contraction. S1 = mitral/tricuspid close. S2 = aortic/pulmonic close. S3 (rapid filling, HF/volume overload). S4 (stiff ventricle, HFpEF).

**Murmurs:** • Aortic stenosis — crescendo-decrescendo systolic at RUSB, radiates to carotids; parvus et tardus pulse. • Aortic regurgitation — decrescendo diastolic at LUSB; wide pulse pressure (water-hammer). • Mitral regurgitation — holosystolic blowing at apex. • Mitral stenosis — opening snap + diastolic rumble; often rheumatic.

**Ischemic heart disease:** • Stable angina — demand ischemia, relieved by rest/NTG. • Unstable angina — plaque rupture, no necrosis. • NSTEMI — subendocardial necrosis, troponin+. • STEMI — transmural; ST elevation; requires PCI < 90 min door-to-balloon per ACC/AHA.

**Heart failure:** HFrEF (EF ≤40%) vs. HFpEF (preserved). Guideline therapy GDMT: ACEi/ARB/ARNI + β-blocker (carvedilol, metoprolol succinate, bisoprolol) + MRA + SGLT2i.

**Hypertension (JNC 8 / ACC 2017):** normal <120/80; stage 1 130–139/80–89. Thiazides, CCBs, ACEi/ARB first-line. Special populations: ACEi preferred in diabetes/CKD; CCB or thiazide preferred in Black patients.

OpenStax A&P 2e Ch. 19 The Cardiovascular System Gray's Anatomy §§ Cardiovascular

Check yourself

3 quick questions — no score kept, just formative feedback.

  1. Q1 · USMLE.Step1.CV

    A 62-year-old has chest pain radiating to the jaw and ST elevations in leads V2-V5. Door-to-balloon time guideline for primary PCI per ACC/AHA STEMI guidelines is:

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  2. Q2 · USMLE.Step1.Micro

    Per the CDC Pink Book, which vaccine is LIVE-ATTENUATED and contraindicated in pregnancy and severe immunocompromise?

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  3. Q3 · USMLE.Step1.Renal

    A patient with severe hyperkalemia (K+ 7.2) and peaked T waves on ECG. The first intervention to stabilize the cardiac membrane is:

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