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USMLE.Step1.Renal Medical · USMLE

Renal — nephron physiology, AKI/CKD, electrolyte disorders

Node 15 of 15 in USMLE

Objectives

  • Identify the key rules and §§ that apply to renal — nephron physiology, aki/ckd, electrolyte disorders.
  • Apply the USMLE.Step1.Renal knowledge element in a typical exam scenario.
  • Recognize common distractors and partial-credit answers.

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USMLE.Step1.Renal

Renal — nephron physiology, AKI/CKD, electrolyte disorders

Step 1 · Organ Systems Renal

**Nephron:** • PCT — reabsorbs ~65% of Na/H₂O, glucose (SGLT2), amino acids; site of ATN damage. • Descending loop — water permeable only (concentrates). • Thick ascending — NKCC2 (loop diuretic target). • DCT — NCC (thiazide target); PTH ↑ Ca reabsorption. • Collecting duct — principal cells (ENaC, ADH-V2); α/β-intercalated cells (H/HCO₃).

**GFR:** creatinine-based CKD-EPI 2021 (race-free). Normal 90–120 mL/min/1.73m². Cystatin C for confirmation.

**AKI (KDIGO):** • **Pre-renal** — FENa <1%, BUN/Cr >20, Uosm >500. Volume depletion, HF, cirrhosis, NSAIDs. • **Intrinsic** — ATN (FENa >2%, muddy-brown casts), AIN (eosinophils, drugs — PPI, sulfa, β-lactams), glomerular (RBC casts). • **Post-renal** — hydronephrosis on imaging.

**CKD staging (eGFR mL/min):** G1 ≥90 (with damage), G2 60-89, G3a 45-59, G3b 30-44, G4 15-29, G5 <15. ACEi/ARB + SGLT2i slow progression.

**Electrolytes:** • **Hyponatremia (<135):** check serum osm. Hypotonic — assess volume. SIADH: euvolemic, low Uosm inappropriately concentrated, low UA. Treat central pontine myelinolysis risk — correct <8 mEq/L per 24 hr. • **Hyperkalemia (>5.5):** EKG peaked T → wide QRS → sine wave. Calcium gluconate (stabilize), insulin + glucose + β-agonist (shift), Kayexalate/patiromer/furosemide (remove). • **Calcium:** corrected Ca = measured + 0.8 × (4 − albumin). Hypercalcemia: stones, bones, groans, psychiatric overtones.

**Acid-base (Winter's formula):** PaCO₂ = 1.5 × HCO₃ + 8 ± 2.

OpenStax A&P 2e Ch. 25 The Urinary System NIH MedlinePlus — CKD

Check yourself

3 quick questions — no score kept, just formative feedback.

  1. Q1 · USMLE.Step1.CV

    A 62-year-old has chest pain radiating to the jaw and ST elevations in leads V2-V5. Door-to-balloon time guideline for primary PCI per ACC/AHA STEMI guidelines is:

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  2. Q2 · USMLE.Step1.Micro

    Per the CDC Pink Book, which vaccine is LIVE-ATTENUATED and contraindicated in pregnancy and severe immunocompromise?

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  3. Q3 · USMLE.Step1.Renal

    A patient with severe hyperkalemia (K+ 7.2) and peaked T waves on ECG. The first intervention to stabilize the cardiac membrane is:

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