TFRs, NOTAMs, and special-use airspace
A Temporary Flight Restriction (TFR) is a regulatory measure issued by NOTAM that prohibits or restricts flight in a defined area for a defined time. Common triggers:
• Presidential movement (10 NM / 3,000 ft inner ring; 30 NM outer ring) • Major sporting events (3 NM / 3,000 ft AGL, in effect one hour before through one hour after) • Disaster relief operations and wildfires • Space vehicle launches
sUAS operators are **personally responsible** for checking NOTAMs before every flight. Canonical sources include FAA NOTAM Search, the B4UFLY app, and LAANC providers. Violation of a TFR can result in civil penalty up to $75,000 and pilot-certificate revocation.
Special-use airspace categories include: **Prohibited** (P-codes, no flight allowed), **Restricted** (R-codes, hazardous activity, requires controlling-agency permission), **Warning** (offshore, hazardous activities), **MOA** (Military Operations Area, nonparticipating IFR aircraft rerouted), **Alert** (high-density training), **Controlled Firing** (ceases when aircraft approaches), and **National Security Area** (NSA, voluntary avoidance).